What are the reasons for the damage of the pneumatic fender?

The main reason for the cracking of the pneumatic fender is that the kinetic energy of the ship hitting the fender is too large, which exceeds the load that the pneumatic fender can bear. The reason for the excessive collision kinetic energy of the ship is that the speed and angle of the ship are too large.
When the berthing angle is large, the bow contacts the dock and the pneumatic fender before the middle of the hull, causing the strong impact kinetic energy to concentrate on one or several fenders, resulting in damage to the pneumatic fender.
One situation generally occurs in fixed V-type and D-type fenders. The fender mainly has damage such as falling corners, cracks, and surface scratches. The main reason for this damage is too much friction between the pneumatic fenders and the ship. When the ship docks at a large tangential speed, the contact part between the pneumatic fender and the hull is forced to move forward with the ship due to excessive friction, causing the fender to be sheared and damaged.
In addition, during mooring operations, the ship sometimes needs to move forward and backward, and the ship sways from side to side or up and down caused by waves and currents. In this case, when the friction coefficient between the ship and the pneumatic fender is as large as 0.4 (for example, the mooring rope is pulled too tightly), it may cause damage to the fender.